Summary and Reader Response Draft 03 of the ExoMars Drill Unit
In their research, Vago et al. (2017) highlight the importance of conserving the biomarkers and fossil groups located underground, because they represent the most comprehensive substantiation that life existed on Mars. The research article under the subtopic, heading: Chemical biosignature, describes that majority of Earth's biological material exists in the “form of carbonaceous macromolecules stored" underground, and the presence of those is more abundant in living organisms (Vago et al., 2017, p. 480). Subterranean, structural biopolymers such as lipids and proteins are stable for billions of years, whereas carbohydrates and proteins decompose fleetly once microorganisms die. Thus, the preservation of biomarkers collected from beneath the surface by the drill unit is vital to provide the highest probability for the presence of life on Mars.
Vago et al. (2017, p. 492) emphasize the importance of the Ma_MISS spectrometer for preserving deep specimens that may be altered after removal from their cold, subterranean environment. Ma_MISS and the spectrometers inside the ExoMars work together to prevent alterations of the samples during the drilling process. Ma_MISS will investigate the unexposed matter, while spectrometers in the ExoMars rover will collect data crucial to resolving rock formation conditions. As a result, these features and functions are pivotal to preserving the natural and unpredictable content of the sample, especially during radiation damage, ensuring pristine biomarkers for examining whether life exists.
While the drill unit seems sufficient for preserving identifiers for life on Mars, the article authored by Korablev et al. (2017) offers a different perspective. As stated in the article, trace gases such as methane, in Mar's atmosphere, are thought to be indicators of early or current biological or geological movement. “Planetary biota” will create a state of disequilibrium in the atmosphere that would indicate the presence of life on Mars (Hitchcock & Lovelock, 1967; Korablev et al., 2017). However, the level of disequilibrium must be far greater than what nonbiological processes can produce. According to Hitchcock & Lovelock (1967) and Korablev et al. (2017), identifiers for life on Mars can be obtained in the atmosphere.
In conclusion, the ExoMars drill unit is necessary to obtain and preserve biomarkers used to identify life on Mars. However, verification for the compilation of possible biosignature discoveries may require further scrupulous analyses, one our present technology is not capable of (Vago et al., 2017, p. 499-500). Even though well-preserved biomarkers underground present the best way of detecting the presence of life on Mars, technology today is not advanced enough to determine the precedence of sample collection to prove existence.
References
European Space Agency. (2019a, September 1). The ExoMars drill unit. ESA.
https://exploration.esa.int/web/mars/-/43611-rover-drill
European Space Agency. (2019b, September 1). Searching for signs of life on Mars. ESA.
https://exploration.esa.int/web/mars/-/43608-life-on-mars
Hitchcock, D. R., & Lovelock, J. E. (1967). Life detection by atmospheric analysis. Icarus, 7(1–3), 149–159.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(67)90059-0
Korablev, O., Montmessin, F., Trokhimovskiy, A., Fedorova, A. A., Shakun, A. V., Grigoriev, A. V., Moshkin, B. E., Ignatiev, N. I., Forget, F., Lefèvre, F., Anufreychik, K., Dzuban, I., Ivanov, Y. S., Kalinnikov, Y. K., Kozlova, T. O., Kungurov, A., Makarov, V., Martynovich, F., Maslov, I., . . . Zorzano, M. P. (2017). The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) of Three Spectrometers for the ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter. Space Sci Rev, 214(7), 1–62.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0437-6
Vago, J. L., Westall, F., Pasteur Instrument Teams, Landing S, Coates, A. J., Jaumann, R., Korablev, O., Ciarletti, V., Mitrofanov, I., Josset, J. L., de Sanctis, M. C., Bibring, J. P., Rull, F., Goesmann, F., Steininger, H., Goetz, W., Brinckerhoff, W., Szopa, C., Raulin, F., Westall, F., . . . The ExoMars Project Team. (2017). Habitability on Early Mars and the Search for Biosignatures with the ExoMars Rover. Astrobiology, 17(6–7), 471–510.
https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2016.1533
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